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GNDU Question Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(Indian Administration)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Discuss various features of the federal system of India.

2. Examine Centre-State Financial relations.

SECTION-B

3. Discuss the composition and functions of the Lok Sabha.

4. Discuss the composition and functions of the Supreme Court.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss the appointment, functions and role of the Governor.

6. Discuss the functions and role of Deputy Commissioner.

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SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on the relationship of Permanent and Political Executive in India.

8. Critically discuss Good Governance initiatives in the Indian Context.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(Indian Administration)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Discuss various features of the federal system of India.

Ans: Features of the Federal System of India

India is a federal country, meaning it has a system of government where power is divided between

the central government and the state governments. This division of power is designed to ensure

smooth governance in a country as diverse and large as India. The Indian Constitution provides a

unique form of federalism that has some distinct features, making it different from other federal

countries like the United States. Below are the key features of the federal system in India:

1. Division of Powers

One of the most important features of Indian federalism is the division of powers between the

central government and the state governments. The Constitution divides these powers into three

lists:

• Union List: Subjects on which only the central government can make laws, such as defense,

foreign affairs, and railways.

• State List: Subjects on which only the state governments can make laws, such as police,

public health, and agriculture.

• Concurrent List: Subjects on which both the central and state governments can make laws,

such as education, marriage, and trade unions. In case of conflict, the law made by the

central government prevails.

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2. A Strong Central Government

While India follows a federal system, it is often called a "quasi-federal" system because the central

government has more powers compared to the state governments. For example:

• During an emergency, the central government can take control of state affairs.

• The Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India and acts as a representative

of the central government.

This system ensures that India remains united and stable, especially during times of crisis.

3. Written and Rigid Constitution

The Indian Constitution is a written document that clearly outlines the distribution of powers. This

ensures that both the central and state governments function according to constitutional

guidelines. The Constitution is also rigid, meaning certain amendments require the approval of

both the central and state governments, ensuring that federal principles are not easily altered.

4. Independent Judiciary

The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It ensures that both the

central and state governments function within their limits and resolve disputes between them.

This maintains the balance of power and prevents any level of government from becoming too

dominant.

5. Dual Government Structure

India has two levels of government:

• Central Government: Responsible for national matters such as defense, foreign policy, and

finance.

• State Governments: Responsible for regional matters like health, education, and police.

This dual structure allows each government to function independently within its jurisdiction while

maintaining cooperation.

6. Bicameral Legislature

India has a bicameral legislature at the central level:

• Lok Sabha (House of the People): Members are directly elected by the people.

• Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Members represent states and are indirectly elected.

This system ensures that states have a say in national laws and policies, which strengthens

federalism.

7. Financial Distribution

The Constitution provides a mechanism for the distribution of financial resources between the

central and state governments. The Finance Commission recommends how taxes and revenues

should be shared to ensure that states have sufficient funds to function effectively.

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8. Single Citizenship

Unlike the United States, where individuals hold dual citizenship (one for the country and one for

the state), India provides for only a single citizenship. This means that every Indian is a citizen of

India, irrespective of the state they belong to. This promotes national unity and discourages

regionalism.

9. Emergency Provisions

The Indian Constitution allows the central government to take control of state governance in times

of emergency. These emergencies include:

• National Emergency: In case of war or an external threat.

• State Emergency (President’s Rule): If the state government fails to function properly.

• Financial Emergency: If India’s financial stability is threatened.

These provisions ensure the security and stability of the country.

10. Flexibility in Federalism

Unlike the rigid federal structure of countries like the U.S., Indian federalism is flexible. The central

government has more power in certain situations, such as national security, economic stability,

and emergency management. This adaptability makes India’s federal system unique and suitable

for a diverse nation.

Examples to Understand Indian Federalism

1. Education System: While education is on the Concurrent List, both central and state

governments can make laws on it. For example, the central government launched the

National Education Policy (NEP), but its implementation depends on the state

governments.

2. COVID-19 Pandemic Management: Health is a state subject, but during the pandemic, the

central government issued guidelines, and states followed them as per their needs.

3. GST (Goods and Services Tax): Earlier, different states had different tax laws. The

introduction of GST created a uniform tax system, showing cooperative federalism where

both levels of government worked together.

Conclusion

India’s federal system is unique because it balances power between the central and state

governments while ensuring national unity. Although the central government has more power in

certain areas, the system allows states to function independently in their own jurisdiction. This mix

of federal and unitary features makes India’s governance system well-suited for its diversity, large

population, and varied needs.

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2. Examine Centre-State Financial relations.

Ans: Centre-State Financial Relations in India: A Detailed Overview

In India, the financial relations between the central government (Centre) and the state

governments are essential to understanding the functioning of the country's federal system. The

Constitution of India divides the responsibilities of governance between the Centre and the States,

and financial relations are a critical part of this division. These relations help to ensure that both

levels of government can function effectively, delivering services and development to the people.

Let’s explore the Centre-State financial relations in a detailed and easy-to-understand manner.

1. Introduction to Financial Relations

Financial relations are the rules, arrangements, and mechanisms that determine how money flows

between the Centre and the States. This includes both revenue generation (how taxes are

collected) and expenditure (how money is spent on public services). Since both the Centre and the

States need funds to fulfill their respective responsibilities, financial relations play a key role in

maintaining a balance of power between the two levels of government.

2. Constitutional Framework for Financial Relations

The Constitution of India provides a framework for the distribution of financial powers between

the Centre and the States. This framework is laid out in several articles of the Constitution,

primarily in Part XII, which covers "Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits."

Key Articles:

• Article 265: No tax can be levied without the authority of law. This ensures that taxes are

imposed in a legal and constitutional manner.

• Article 268 to 293: These articles specifically address the distribution of revenues, grants,

and loans between the Centre and the States.

The Constitution creates three lists of subjects for legislative action:

1. Union List: Matters on which only the Centre can legislate, such as defense, foreign affairs,

and interstate trade.

2. State List: Matters on which only the States can legislate, like police, public health, and

agriculture.

3. Concurrent List: Matters on which both the Centre and the States can legislate, like

criminal law, education, and marriage.

Since financial matters often transcend these lists, the financial relations between the Centre and

the States are further guided by the Finance Commission.

3. Revenue Sources for the Centre and States

The government generates revenue through various taxes, and the Constitution specifies which

taxes can be imposed by the Centre and which can be imposed by the States.

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Central Taxes

These are taxes collected by the central government, and they include:

• Income Tax: Tax on the income of individuals and corporations.

• Customs Duty: Tax on imports and exports.

• Excise Duty: Tax on the production of goods.

• Goods and Services Tax (GST): A unified tax introduced in 2017 to simplify tax collection

across the country.

• Corporation Tax: Tax on the profits of companies.

State Taxes

These are taxes collected by the state governments, and they include:

• Sales Tax: Tax on the sale of goods.

• Stamp Duty: Tax on documents related to the transfer of property.

• Land Revenue: Tax on land ownership or use.

• Entertainment Tax: Tax on cinema, amusement parks, etc.

• GST (State Component): States collect GST on goods and services sold within their

boundaries.

Shared Taxes

Some taxes are shared between the Centre and the States. A significant example is GST, where

both the Centre and the States collect GST, with the tax rate and distribution shared between

them.

4. Expenditure Distribution

While revenue collection is one aspect, how money is spent by the Centre and the States is equally

important. The Constitution divides expenditure responsibilities as well:

• Central Government Expenditure: The Centre spends on defense, foreign affairs, national

highways, and central welfare schemes like MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act), which aims at providing employment in rural areas.

• State Government Expenditure: States spend on sectors like education, health, agriculture,

and law and order. For example, a state government may allocate funds for the

construction of local schools or hospitals.

However, because many areas of public welfare require funding from both levels of government,

there are grants-in-aid and loans provided by the Centre to the States.

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5. The Finance Commission and Its Role

To maintain a fair balance of financial relations between the Centre and States, the Finance

Commission plays a crucial role. The Finance Commission is a constitutional body appointed by the

President of India every five years to recommend the distribution of financial resources between

the Centre and the States.

Its main functions are:

1. Distribution of Taxes: It decides how taxes collected by the Centre will be shared with the

States.

2. Grants-in-aid: It recommends grants that the Centre should provide to the States to help

them fulfill their financial needs.

3. Improving Financial Position of States: The Commission suggests ways to improve the

fiscal health of states, especially those facing financial difficulties.

For example, a state like Bihar may need more financial assistance due to its low revenue base,

and the Finance Commission can recommend specific grants to help the state overcome its fiscal

challenges.

6. Types of Financial Transfers Between the Centre and States

There are various forms of financial transfers from the Centre to the States:

1. Grants-in-Aid

These are funds given by the Centre to the States to support specific schemes or cover gaps in

state budgets. These grants are often given for:

• Special Purpose: For example, if a state is implementing a national health program, the

Centre may provide a grant.

• General Purpose: For general development, especially for states facing revenue deficits.

2. Loans

The Centre may also lend money to the States for financing large infrastructure projects or other

capital investments. Loans are repaid with interest over time.

3. Sharing of Tax Revenues

As mentioned earlier, some taxes are shared between the Centre and the States. The share of tax

revenue for each state is decided by the Finance Commission.

7. Challenges in Centre-State Financial Relations

Despite a well-defined constitutional framework, there are several challenges in Centre-State

financial relations:

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• Fiscal Imbalance: Some states have higher revenue needs but lower revenue-generating

capacities, leading to fiscal imbalances. States with large populations, like Uttar Pradesh

and Bihar, may struggle to collect enough taxes to meet their development needs.

• Centralization of Financial Power: The Centre controls many significant taxes and financial

resources, which can sometimes lead to a sense of financial dependency among the states.

• Disparities in Development: Due to uneven financial resources, some states may

experience slower economic development than others.

8. Conclusion

In conclusion, Centre-State financial relations are a critical component of India's federal structure.

While the Constitution sets clear guidelines for the distribution of financial powers, challenges

such as fiscal imbalances and centralization remain. The Finance Commission plays an essential

role in addressing these challenges by recommending ways to improve the financial health of

states. Effective financial relations ensure that both the Centre and the States can work together

to provide essential services, promote economic development, and improve the quality of life for

the citizens of India.

Through a fair distribution of revenue, assistance, and grants, the financial relationship between

the Centre and the States helps maintain the balance and harmony that is central to India's federal

democracy.

SECTION-B

3. Discuss the composition and functions of the Lok Sabha.

Ans: Composition and Functions of the Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha (People's House) is the lower house of the Parliament of India. It plays a vital role in

the country's democratic system, representing the people of India directly. Let’s break down its

composition and functions in a way that’s easy to understand.

1. Composition of the Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected by the people of India.

The composition of the Lok Sabha includes several important aspects, such as its size, members,

qualifications, and term. Let's take a look at each of these:

1.1 Number of Members

The Lok Sabha can have a maximum of 552 members. These members are elected for a 5-year

term through direct elections. However, the total number of members may vary slightly due to

some changes in the representation of states based on population.

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Currently, there are 545 members in the Lok Sabha, out of which:

• 543 members are directly elected from the states and union territories.

• 2 members are nominated by the President of India from the Anglo-Indian community

(though this provision is no longer in use as of 2020).

1.2 Election Process

The members are elected based on a system known as First-Past-The-Post (FPTP). This means that

in each electoral constituency (a specific area within a state), the candidate who gets the most

votes wins the seat. India is divided into 543 constituencies, and each constituency elects one MP.

1.3 Qualifications of MPs

To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must meet certain qualifications:

• Indian citizen: Only Indian citizens are eligible to become MPs.

• Age: The person must be at least 25 years old.

• Other conditions: The person must not be disqualified under any law (for example, being

convicted of a criminal offense).

1.4 Term of Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha has a 5-year term from the date of its first meeting after a general election.

However, it can be dissolved earlier by the President of India. The President has the power to

dissolve the Lok Sabha and call for fresh elections if necessary.

2. Functions of the Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha performs a range of functions that are essential for the functioning of India’s

democratic system. These functions can be broadly divided into several categories: legislative

functions, executive functions, financial functions, and judicial functions. Let’s go over each of

them in detail.

2.1 Legislative Functions

One of the primary functions of the Lok Sabha is to make laws. For a bill (a proposal for a new law)

to become a law, it needs to pass through several stages in the Lok Sabha.

• Introduction of a Bill: A bill can be introduced by a member of the Lok Sabha, either as a

government bill (proposed by the ruling party) or a private member’s bill (proposed by an

individual MP who is not part of the government). For example, the Right to Information

Act was passed after a bill was introduced and debated in the Lok Sabha.

• Debate and Discussion: After a bill is introduced, MPs debate its provisions and may

suggest amendments or changes. If the majority of the MPs agree to the bill, it moves

forward.

• Voting: Once the bill has been debated and all suggestions are considered, the members

vote on it. If the bill receives a majority vote, it is passed in the Lok Sabha.

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• Senate Approval: After passing the Lok Sabha, the bill moves to the Rajya Sabha (the upper

house of Parliament). Once both houses agree, the bill is sent to the President for approval.

2.2 Executive Functions

The Lok Sabha also plays an important role in overseeing the work of the executive branch of

government, which is headed by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

• Accountability of the Government: The Lok Sabha keeps the government accountable by

asking questions, raising issues, and debating policies. MPs can ask questions to ministers

about their departments’ functioning. For example, MPs may ask the Finance Minister

about the national budget or the Education Minister about government school policies.

• Motion of No Confidence: The Lok Sabha has the power to pass a motion of no confidence

against the government. If the motion is passed with a majority vote, the government is

forced to resign. This ensures that the government cannot continue if it has lost the

confidence of the people’s representatives.

2.3 Financial Functions

One of the most important functions of the Lok Sabha is related to financial matters, including the

approval of government spending.

• Budget Approval: The government prepares a budget, which outlines its planned

expenditure and sources of revenue for the coming year. The Lok Sabha debates and votes

on the budget. It can make suggestions or reject certain parts of the budget.

• Money Bills: All money bills (related to taxes, government expenditure, loans, etc.) must

be introduced in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can discuss the bill but cannot reject it.

The Lok Sabha has the final say on money bills.

For example, when the government introduces a bill to collect taxes, it must pass through the Lok

Sabha before being implemented.

2.4 Judicial Functions

The Lok Sabha also has certain judicial functions, especially when it comes to matters of

impeachment.

• Impeachment of the President: The Lok Sabha can initiate the process of impeachment if

the President of India is found guilty of violating the Constitution. This is a rare event and

requires a special process, including a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of

Parliament.

• Removal of Judges: The Lok Sabha also has a role in the process of removing judges from

the higher judiciary if they are found guilty of misconduct or incapacity.

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2.5 Other Functions

The Lok Sabha also plays a key role in shaping public policy and representing the people:

• Representing the People: MPs in the Lok Sabha represent the people of their

constituencies. They express the concerns of the people and work towards solving local

issues at the national level. For example, if a constituency faces water scarcity, the MP may

raise this issue in the Lok Sabha to get the government’s attention.

• Petitions and Grievances: MPs also handle petitions from their constituents and raise

important grievances in the Lok Sabha. They often bring up matters that are important to

the people of their regions.

3. Conclusion

The Lok Sabha is a crucial pillar of Indian democracy. Through its composition, which includes

elected representatives, and its functions, such as law-making, overseeing the government,

controlling finances, and representing the people, it ensures that the government remains

accountable and works for the welfare of the people. The direct elections, debates, and

discussions in the Lok Sabha empower the public to have a voice in how the country is run.

By carrying out these functions effectively, the Lok Sabha helps maintain the democratic

framework of India, allowing citizens to have a say in how their country is governed.

4. Discuss the composition and functions of the Supreme Court.

Ans: Composition and Functions of the Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country, ensuring justice and

upholding the Constitution. Established under Article 124 of the Indian Constitution, it serves as

the final court of appeal and has the authority to review and interpret laws. The structure and

functioning of the Supreme Court are crucial to maintaining the rule of law in India. Let’s break it

down into two parts: the composition of the Supreme Court and its functions.

1. Composition of the Supreme Court

The composition of the Supreme Court refers to the number of judges and their roles within the

court system. The key components are:

a) The Chief Justice of India (CJI):

The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. The CJI is appointed by the President

of India, but the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court usually gets this position. The Chief

Justice plays a crucial role in managing the court’s affairs, assigning cases to different benches, and

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overseeing the judicial administration of the court. The CJI has the authority to decide which cases

will be heard by the court and which ones can be rejected. For example, if a case involves a

constitutional matter, the CJI may assign it to a larger bench of judges.

b) Other Judges:

In addition to the CJI, the Supreme Court comprises other judges. The number of judges can vary,

but it is set at a maximum of 34 judges (including the Chief Justice), as per the Supreme Court

(Number of Judges) Act, 1956. These judges are appointed by the President of India. The President

takes the advice of the Chief Justice while making such appointments.

The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed based on their seniority, legal expertise, and

experience. All judges of the Supreme Court must be Indian citizens, and they must have served as

a judge in a High Court for at least 5 years, or must have been an advocate in a High Court for at

least 10 years. Additionally, the judges are appointed till the age of 65, after which they retire.

c) The Role of the Judges:

The judges of the Supreme Court are responsible for hearing and deciding cases, interpreting laws,

and ensuring that the Constitution is followed. They hear both civil and criminal cases, matters

related to fundamental rights, appeals from lower courts, and disputes between states or between

the Union and states. The judges form benches, and larger benches may be formed when a case

involves complex issues or constitutional interpretation.

d) Additional Judges:

In rare circumstances, the President of India can appoint additional judges for a temporary period

when there is a heavy workload in the Supreme Court. These judges are usually appointed for a

period of two years. After this time, their tenure can either be extended or they can be made

permanent judges.

e) The Appointment Process:

Judicial appointments are made through a collegium system, which consists of the Chief Justice

and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. This system is designed to ensure that the

process is independent of political interference, and it maintains the integrity and independence

of the judiciary.

2. Functions of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India has various functions, and it plays a crucial role in the judicial system.

The primary functions include:

a) Judicial Functions:

The Supreme Court performs judicial functions by interpreting and applying the laws of the

country. It serves as the final court of appeal, meaning that its decisions are final and binding. It

hears appeals against the judgments passed by High Courts and other lower courts. It has original

jurisdiction in cases related to the enforcement of fundamental rights.

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For example: If a citizen feels that their fundamental rights have been violated by the government

or any other authority, they can directly approach the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the

Indian Constitution. This is called the writ jurisdiction, where the Supreme Court can issue writs

(orders) to protect the rights of the citizens.

b) Constitutional Functions:

The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. It has the authority to interpret the

Constitution, and any law that is inconsistent with the Constitution can be struck down by the

Court. This is called judicial review. The court checks if any law or act passed by the Parliament or

State Legislature violates the provisions of the Constitution.

For example, if the government passes a law that is seen as an infringement of the fundamental

rights of citizens, it is the responsibility of the Supreme Court to review the law and declare it

unconstitutional if necessary.

c) Dispute Resolution:

The Supreme Court resolves disputes between states, between the Union and states, and between

citizens and the government. For instance, if two states have a dispute over water resources, the

Supreme Court can act as an arbitrator and make a binding decision. The Supreme Court also has

the authority to hear cases related to the Interpretation of the Constitution in matters of

federalism, separation of powers, etc.

For example, the Kaveri River Water Dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu was one of the

many disputes resolved by the Supreme Court.

d) Advisory Jurisdiction:

Under Article 143, the President of India can seek the advice of the Supreme Court on any

question of law or fact of public importance. The Supreme Court gives its opinion based on this

request, but this opinion is not legally binding. It is simply an advisory opinion to help the

government make informed decisions.

e) Protection of Fundamental Rights:

One of the most important functions of the Supreme Court is to safeguard the fundamental rights

of citizens. If a person’s fundamental rights are violated, they can directly approach the Supreme

Court for justice. The Court ensures that no law or action by the government violates the rights of

citizens.

For example: In the famous case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court

expanded the interpretation of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the

Constitution. The Court ruled that the right to personal liberty was not just limited to freedom

from physical restraint, but also includes the right to live with dignity.

f) Public Interest Litigation (PIL):

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a significant function of the Supreme Court. It allows individuals or

groups to file cases on behalf of the public interest or in matters affecting large sections of society.

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The concept of PIL has expanded access to justice, enabling the Supreme Court to address social

issues like environmental protection, human rights violations, and corruption.

For example: PILs have been filed for cleaner air in cities, protecting the environment, and

ensuring the rights of marginalized communities.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court of India holds a central position in the country’s judicial system. Its

composition, which includes the Chief Justice and other judges, ensures that the Court remains

effective in its duties. The Court’s functions are diverse, ranging from interpreting the Constitution

and resolving legal disputes to protecting the fundamental rights of citizens. Through its role in the

judicial system, the Supreme Court helps uphold democracy and maintain the rule of law in India,

ensuring that justice is accessible to all.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss the appointment, functions and role of the Governor.

Ans: Appointment, Functions, and Role of the Governor in Indian Administration

The Governor is a key figure in the governance of each state in India, serving as the constitutional

head of the state, similar to how the President is the constitutional head of the country. However,

the role and functions of the Governor are largely ceremonial and symbolic in nature, with actual

power being exercised by the elected representatives of the state. To understand the

appointment, functions, and role of the Governor in the Indian administrative system, it’s helpful

to break it down into distinct sections.

Appointment of the Governor

The Governor is appointed by the President of India. The appointment is made based on the

recommendation of the central government, which is typically the ruling party at the time.

However, it is a prerogative of the President, and the Governor represents the President at the

state level.

Key points about the appointment process:

1. Selection by the President: The Governor is appointed by the President of India, and they

serve at the pleasure of the President. This means the President can remove the Governor

at any time, although this rarely happens in practice.

2. Tenure: A Governor typically holds office for a term of five years, but they can be removed

earlier if the President deems necessary. There is no fixed procedure for removal, and a

Governor can be replaced without assigning any reason.

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3. Qualifications: The Governor must be an Indian citizen and at least 35 years old. The

person should not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any other

state government. In practice, Governors are often senior politicians, former judges, or civil

servants with a good understanding of governance.

4. No Direct Election: Unlike the Chief Minister or members of the legislative assembly, the

Governor is not directly elected by the people. Instead, they are selected by the central

government, representing the interests of the Union Government in the states.

Functions and Powers of the Governor

The functions and powers of the Governor are vast, and they are derived from the Constitution of

India, which defines their role in both the legislative and executive branches of the state

government. Here are the key functions of a Governor:

1. Executive Functions:

o Appointment of Key Officials: The Governor appoints the Chief Minister (who is

typically the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Legislative Assembly)

and other ministers, judges of the state high court, the state election commissioner,

and other key officials of the state government.

o Administration of the State: The Governor represents the President of India in the

state and ensures that laws passed by the state legislature are implemented

effectively. They oversee the administration of the state and ensure that the

executive branch functions properly.

2. Legislative Functions:

o Summoning and Proroguing the State Legislature: The Governor has the authority

to summon and prorogue the sessions of the state legislature. They can also

dissolve the Legislative Assembly if it is no longer able to function or if the

government loses its majority.

o Assent to Bills: Once the state legislature passes a bill, it is sent to the Governor for

their approval. The Governor can either give assent, withhold assent, or reserve the

bill for the President’s consideration. This power allows the Governor to play a role

in the legislative process.

o Promulgation of Ordinances: When the legislature is not in session, the Governor

has the power to issue ordinances to meet urgent needs. These ordinances have

the same force as laws but must be ratified by the legislature within six weeks of its

next session to remain in effect.

3. Judicial Functions:

o The Governor also plays a role in the judicial functions of the state by appointing

judges to the state high court. They are also involved in the power of clemency (the

ability to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment) under

certain circumstances, like those granted by the President at the national level.

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4. Discretionary Powers:

o The Governor also has certain discretionary powers where they can act

independently, particularly in situations where there is a political crisis or instability.

For example, if no party has a clear majority in the state assembly, the Governor

may invite the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government, or

they may recommend the President’s rule if the state government is unable to

function according to the provisions of the Constitution.

Role of the Governor

While the Governor's powers may seem significant, in practice, they are largely ceremonial, and

their role is to act as a representative of the President in the state, with most of the real authority

lying with the state government. Here’s how the role of the Governor can be understood:

1. Constitutional Head of the State: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state,

similar to the President at the national level. However, in both cases, the real power lies

with the Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister. The Governor’s role is more

ceremonial than executive.

2. Mediator in the State Government: In situations of political instability, when no clear

majority exists in the legislature, the Governor plays a crucial role in ensuring that the

government is formed in accordance with constitutional provisions. This includes calling for

elections or recommending President’s rule (i.e., central government rule in the state) if

necessary.

3. Symbol of Unity: As the representative of the President, the Governor is a symbol of the

unity and integrity of the nation within the state. They ensure that the state government

functions within the framework of the Constitution and adheres to the principles of

democracy.

4. Protector of the Constitution: The Governor’s role as a protector of the Constitution is

emphasized in situations where there might be violations of constitutional provisions. They

may advise the state government or even refer matters to the President when required,

especially in cases where the state government’s actions may be unconstitutional.

Example to Illustrate the Role of the Governor

Consider the example of a state like Karnataka, where there was a political crisis in 2018. The

Governor had to play a crucial role in deciding which party should be given the chance to form the

government, as there was no clear majority after the elections. The Governor invited the leader of

the BJP, which had the largest number of seats, to form the government and prove its majority

within a stipulated time. This is a classic example of the discretionary role of the Governor in times

of political uncertainty.

Similarly, in situations where a state government fails to function or breaks down, the Governor

can recommend President’s rule, as seen in states like Jammu & Kashmir in the past, when the

state government was unable to function due to political instability.

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Conclusion

The Governor in the Indian administration plays an important but largely ceremonial role in

ensuring that the state functions within the constitutional framework. While they have the power

to appoint key officials, give assent to bills, and act in cases of political instability, they mostly act

on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers. The role of the Governor is

essential in maintaining the balance of power between the central and state governments and

ensuring that the principles of democracy and constitutional governance are upheld.

6. Discuss the functions and role of Deputy Commissioner.

Ans: In the context of Indian Administration, the role of the Deputy Commissioner (DC) is a vital

one. The DC holds a prominent administrative position at the district level and serves as the chief

executive officer of the district. The office of the Deputy Commissioner is integral to the

functioning of the government at the grassroots level, bridging the gap between the state

government and the local populace. Let’s delve into the various functions and roles of the Deputy

Commissioner to understand the significance of this position in Indian governance.

1. Chief Executive of the District:

The Deputy Commissioner is responsible for ensuring that all government schemes and policies

are implemented effectively in the district. The DC acts as the chief executive officer and is

responsible for the smooth administration of all functions within the district. This means

overseeing the implementation of developmental programs, welfare schemes, and regulatory

functions set out by the state and central governments.

For example, if the state government launches a rural employment scheme, it is the responsibility

of the Deputy Commissioner to ensure that it reaches the targeted population in the district, is

effectively managed, and that the funds allocated for the scheme are used properly.

2. Revenue Administration:

One of the primary roles of the Deputy Commissioner is to oversee revenue administration in the

district. In this capacity, the DC is responsible for managing land revenue collection, maintaining

land records, and ensuring that the agricultural lands are properly utilized. The office of the DC

also deals with issues related to land disputes, settlement of ownership, and land reforms. The DC

has the authority to enforce various laws related to land and revenue.

A real-world example could be the role of a DC when land acquisition is required for infrastructure

projects. The Deputy Commissioner will ensure that the process follows all legal guidelines and

that the rights of the landowners are respected, and compensation is paid.

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3. Law and Order Maintenance:

Another crucial function of the Deputy Commissioner is to maintain law and order in the district.

The DC works closely with the police and law enforcement agencies to prevent and resolve

disturbances, riots, and crimes. The Deputy Commissioner acts as the head of the district-level

administrative machinery during emergencies, such as communal tensions or natural disasters.

For instance, in the event of a communal riot or large-scale protest, the Deputy Commissioner is

responsible for overseeing operations to restore peace, coordinating with the police and other

agencies to prevent further escalation, and ensuring the safety of people in the district.

4. Disaster Management:

The Deputy Commissioner plays a critical role in managing disasters, whether they are natural, like

floods or earthquakes, or man-made, such as industrial accidents. In the event of a disaster, the

Deputy Commissioner assumes a leadership role in coordinating relief efforts, organizing rescue

operations, and providing assistance to the affected population. The DC is also responsible for

mobilizing resources like food, water, and medical aid and ensuring their efficient distribution.

For example, in a flood-prone region, the Deputy Commissioner would work to set up flood

warning systems, manage evacuation plans, and ensure that the relief operations are carried out

smoothly in the aftermath of a disaster.

5. Supervision of Local Bodies:

In a district, there are numerous local bodies such as municipal corporations, panchayats, and

urban local bodies, each of which has its functions. The Deputy Commissioner acts as the

supervising authority over these bodies, ensuring that they function within the legal framework

and follow government instructions. The DC ensures that there is no overlap in their activities and

that each body works towards the welfare of the district in line with the state government’s

policies.

For instance, if there’s a proposal to build a new public park in the district, the Deputy

Commissioner would coordinate between the district-level administration and the municipal

corporation to ensure proper planning and execution.

6. Implementation of Welfare Schemes:

The Deputy Commissioner is tasked with the implementation of a variety of welfare schemes in

the district. These may range from schemes focused on education, health, rural development, or

women’s empowerment. The DC ensures that these schemes reach the grassroots level and are

implemented effectively, addressing the needs of marginalized sections of society. Additionally,

the DC ensures that the funds allocated for these programs are utilized judiciously.

For example, if a government scheme aims to provide free medical services in rural areas, it is the

responsibility of the Deputy Commissioner to ensure that healthcare centers are set up, and the

rural population is made aware of the scheme and its benefits.

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7. Coordination Between Various Departments:

The Deputy Commissioner is also tasked with coordinating the work of various government

departments operating within the district. This includes coordinating with departments related to

agriculture, education, public works, health, and others to ensure that their functions are aligned

with the district’s administrative objectives. The DC ensures that these departments work together

to achieve the district’s developmental goals.

An example of this could be the coordination between the education department and the health

department to ensure the establishment of school health programs that promote both education

and well-being of children.

8. Judicial and Legal Functions:

In certain areas, the Deputy Commissioner also carries out quasi-judicial functions, especially

when it comes to disputes related to land, revenue, and other administrative issues. The DC has

the authority to issue orders, resolve grievances, and take legal actions when required.

For example, in cases where there is a dispute over land inheritance or ownership, the Deputy

Commissioner may intervene to settle the matter or refer it to the appropriate legal body.

9. Maintaining Communication with Higher Authorities:

The Deputy Commissioner serves as a link between the district and higher levels of government,

like the state government. The DC is required to regularly report on the progress of government

programs, development works, and law and order situations. Furthermore, the DC is expected to

communicate the needs and concerns of the district to the state government for necessary action.

10. Public Relations:

As a representative of the government at the district level, the Deputy Commissioner is

responsible for maintaining a positive relationship with the public. The DC acts as a bridge

between the government and the citizens, addressing grievances and ensuring that the public is

well-informed about government policies and schemes. The DC may also hold public meetings,

organize awareness campaigns, and attend to the concerns of the people.

Conclusion:

The role of the Deputy Commissioner is multifaceted and plays a crucial part in the smooth

functioning of the Indian administrative system at the district level. From maintaining law and

order to coordinating welfare schemes, revenue administration, and disaster management, the

Deputy Commissioner ensures that the government's policies are executed efficiently and

effectively at the grassroots level. The DC acts as a mediator, organizer, and decision-maker,

making the position one of the most vital components of local governance in India. By managing

various responsibilities and solving problems on the ground, the Deputy Commissioner plays a

significant role in the development and welfare of the district and its people.

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SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on the relationship of Permanent and Political Executive in India.

Ans: The Relationship Between the Permanent and Political Executive in India

In India, the government functions through two types of executives: the Permanent Executive and

the Political Executive. These two groups work together to ensure the smooth functioning of

governance. While they have different roles, responsibilities, and powers, their cooperation is

essential for the administration of the country.

Who are the Permanent and Political Executives?

1. Political Executive: The Political Executive consists of elected representatives, such as the

Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Members of Parliament (MPs) or Members

of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs). Their main role is to make policies, take decisions, and

provide leadership to the administration.

2. Permanent Executive: The Permanent Executive includes civil servants and bureaucrats,

such as the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Revenue

Service (IRS), and other government officials. Their job is to implement policies made by

the Political Executive, offer expert advice, and ensure the continuity of administration,

regardless of changes in government.

Key Differences Between Permanent and Political Executives

Aspect

Political Executive

Permanent Executive

Selection

Process

Elected by the people

Selected through competitive exams

(UPSC, State PSCs)

Tenure

Temporary, for a fixed term

(5 years or until dismissed)

Permanent, serves until retirement

(usually 60 years)

Function

Makes policies and takes major

decisions

Implements policies and ensures

administrative continuity

Accountability

Accountable to the people through

elections

Accountable to the government and

laws

Expertise

General knowledge, depends on

advice from bureaucrats

Specialized knowledge in administration

and policy implementation

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Authority

Holds political power and takes major

decisions

Advises the government and implements

decisions

The Relationship Between Permanent and Political Executives

The relationship between the Permanent and Political Executives is based on mutual dependence,

cooperation, and sometimes, conflict. Let us examine the key aspects of their relationship:

1. Policy Making and Implementation

• The Political Executive makes policies, and the Permanent Executive implements them.

• For example, if the government introduces a new health scheme, ministers decide the

budget and objectives, while bureaucrats ensure hospitals, doctors, and infrastructure are

arranged.

2. Advisory Role of Bureaucrats

• Ministers are not experts in every field, so they rely on bureaucrats for technical advice.

• For instance, the Finance Minister consults IAS officers from the Finance Ministry to

prepare the Union Budget.

3. Administrative Continuity

• The government changes every five years, but bureaucrats remain in service for decades,

ensuring continuity.

• Even when a new government comes to power, civil servants provide guidance based on

past experiences.

4. Execution of Government Decisions

• Once policies are approved, civil servants implement them.

• For example, if a new education policy is passed, bureaucrats ensure schools, teachers, and

syllabi are modified accordingly.

5. Political Interference vs. Bureaucratic Neutrality

• The Political Executive sometimes pressures bureaucrats for personal or party benefits,

leading to conflicts.

• The ideal bureaucrat remains neutral and implements policies without bias.

• For example, if a government tries to unfairly transfer an honest officer, it affects

administrative efficiency.

6. Checks and Accountability

• The Political Executive is accountable to the public through elections. If they fail, they can

be voted out.

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• The Permanent Executive is accountable to the government and legal frameworks. They

follow rules and regulations.

7. Role During Emergencies and Crises

• During crises like natural disasters, pandemics, or wars, both executives must work

together efficiently.

• For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, ministers made decisions on lockdowns and

relief measures, while bureaucrats ensured hospitals, oxygen supplies, and vaccinations

were available.

Challenges in Their Relationship

Although both executives are supposed to work harmoniously, certain challenges arise:

1. Political Interference: Sometimes, politicians pressure bureaucrats for personal or political

gains, affecting fair administration.

2. Bureaucratic Resistance: Some bureaucrats may resist implementing policies they do not

agree with, slowing down governance.

3. Corruption: Corruption in either group weakens governance and reduces public trust.

4. Lack of Coordination: Miscommunication or conflicts can delay policy implementation.

5. Frequent Transfers of Officers: If officers are frequently transferred for political reasons,

administrative efficiency suffers.

Ways to Improve the Relationship

1. Maintaining Political Neutrality: Bureaucrats should remain neutral and serve the

government fairly, regardless of political party.

2. Reducing Political Interference: Politicians should respect the independence of the civil

service and avoid unnecessary influence.

3. Merit-Based Appointments: Promotions and appointments in bureaucracy should be

based on merit, not political favoritism.

4. Strong Legal Frameworks: Strict laws should prevent corruption and undue influence in

administration.

5. Training and Development: Regular training can improve coordination and understanding

between the two groups.

Conclusion

The relationship between the Permanent and Political Executive in India is crucial for effective

governance. While politicians provide leadership and direction, civil servants ensure

implementation and continuity. Despite occasional conflicts, both must work together to ensure

smooth administration and serve the people efficiently.

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For a successful democracy, it is essential that politicians respect bureaucrats' expertise and

bureaucrats remain committed to serving the nation without political bias. By improving

coordination and maintaining transparency, India can ensure a strong and efficient administrative

system.

8. Critically discuss Good Governance initiatives in the Indian Context.

Ans: Introduction

Good governance refers to the effective, transparent, accountable, and responsive functioning of

the government, ensuring that policies and decisions benefit the people equitably. In India, the

concept of good governance has gained significant attention, especially in the last few decades, as

the government has taken multiple initiatives to improve administration and public service

delivery.

This essay critically examines various good governance initiatives in India, discussing their impact,

challenges, and effectiveness in ensuring a more citizen-centric government.

Understanding Good Governance

The key elements of good governance include:

1. Transparency – Government actions and decisions should be open to public scrutiny.

2. Accountability – Authorities must be answerable for their actions.

3. Efficiency and Effectiveness – Services should be delivered in a timely and cost-effective

manner.

4. Participation – Citizens should have a say in decision-making processes.

5. Rule of Law – Laws should be fair, just, and equally applied to all.

6. Responsiveness – Institutions should cater to the needs of society without delay.

In India, various initiatives have been introduced to strengthen these principles of good

governance.

Major Good Governance Initiatives in India

1. Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

The RTI Act is one of the most significant governance reforms in India. It empowers citizens to

request information from government bodies, ensuring transparency and accountability.

• Impact: Citizens can access government records, reducing corruption and enhancing trust

in administration.

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• Challenges: Despite its success, bureaucratic delays and refusal to disclose information

hinder its full potential.

2. E-Governance and Digital India Initiative

The Digital India initiative was launched in 2015 to transform India into a digitally empowered

society.

• Key Components:

o E-Governance services like Aadhaar, e-Hospital, UMANG, and DigiLocker.

o Online grievance redressal platforms like CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance

Redress and Monitoring System).

o E-Courts for quicker judicial proceedings.

• Impact: Reduced paperwork, minimized corruption, and increased access to government

services.

• Challenges: Internet accessibility in rural areas and cybersecurity threats remain concerns.

3. Aadhaar and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)

Aadhaar, the world's largest biometric identification system, helps in directly transferring subsidies

and benefits to the needy under schemes like PM-KISAN and LPG subsidy.

• Impact: Eliminated middlemen, reduced leakages, and ensured that benefits reach the

intended recipients.

• Challenges: Privacy concerns and occasional authentication failures.

4. Good Governance Index (GGI)

Introduced by the Government of India, the Good Governance Index assesses the performance of

different states based on key governance indicators such as law and order, health, education, and

infrastructure.

• Impact: Encourages states to improve governance quality through competitive ranking.

• Challenges: Some states may manipulate data to improve their ranking without actual

governance improvements.

5. Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

This Act was introduced to curb corruption at high levels by establishing an independent body,

Lokpal, at the central level and Lokayuktas at the state level.

• Impact: Acts as a watchdog against corruption among government officials.

• Challenges: Implementation has been slow, and there have been political hurdles in

appointing officials.

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6. Citizen Charter Initiative

Citizen Charters are documents published by government departments that state the services

offered, time taken for delivery, and grievance redress mechanisms.

• Impact: Helps citizens know their rights and hold authorities accountable.

• Challenges: Not all departments actively follow their charters, leading to inefficiency.

7. Panchayati Raj System (73rd Amendment Act, 1992)

This Act decentralized governance by empowering local self-governments at the village level,

ensuring that decision-making is closer to the people.

• Impact: Strengthened grassroots democracy and improved rural development.

• Challenges: Political interference and financial dependency on the state government limit

its effectiveness.

8. Make in India and Ease of Doing Business

Make in India, launched in 2014, aims to boost manufacturing, while Ease of Doing Business

reforms have simplified business regulations.

• Impact: Increased foreign investments and improved India’s ranking in global business

indices.

• Challenges: Bureaucratic red tape and policy inconsistencies still pose hurdles.

9. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)

This scheme, launched in 2015, aims to address gender imbalances and promote the education of

the girl child.

• Impact: Increased awareness about gender equality and improvement in sex ratios in some

states.

• Challenges: Some reports indicate that funds allocated for the scheme are not fully

utilized.

10. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

Launched in 2014, this campaign aimed to make India open-defecation free and improve

sanitation.

• Impact: Improved cleanliness and hygiene, especially in rural areas.

• Challenges: Sustainability of toilet infrastructure and behavioral change remain concerns.

Critical Analysis of Good Governance Initiatives

Success Stories

• Digital India has significantly improved accessibility to government services.

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• RTI has empowered citizens to question government actions.

• DBT has reduced corruption in welfare schemes.

Challenges and Limitations

1. Implementation Gap: Policies are often well-designed but lack effective execution due to

bureaucracy.

2. Corruption and Political Interference: Despite laws, corruption remains a major challenge

in governance.

3. Digital Divide: Rural areas still lack proper internet connectivity, affecting e-governance

success.

4. Awareness Among Citizens: Many people, especially in rural areas, are unaware of their

rights under these initiatives.

Conclusion

India has made significant progress in promoting good governance through various initiatives.

These programs have improved transparency, accountability, and service delivery. However,

challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, and digital inequality need to be

addressed for governance to truly benefit all citizens. The future of good governance in India

depends on strengthening institutions, increasing public awareness, and ensuring that these

initiatives are effectively implemented at all levels.

By addressing these issues, India can move towards a governance system that is not just good on

paper but truly beneficial for every citizen.

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